The Cherry Orchard Reality, Illusion, and Foolish Pride

The Cherry Orchard: Reality, Illusion, and Foolish Pride Chandler Friedman English 231 Dr. Clark Lemons In the plays The Cherry Orchard by Anton Chekhov, A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen, and Galileo by Bertolt Brecht, the protagonists mental beliefs combine reality and illusion that both shape the plot of each respective story. The ability of the characters to reject or accept an illusion, along with the foolish pride that motivated their decision, leads to their personal downfall. In The Cherry Orchard, by Anton Chekhov, Gayev and Miss Ranevsky, along with the majority of their family, refuse to believe that their estate is close to bankruptcy. Instead of accepting the reality of their problem, they†¦show more content†¦The illusion is twisted. At the beginning of the play, Nora leads a life under the illusion that everything was perfect. She lives for eight years with the knowledge that she has broken the law, and betrayed her husband. Though it was necessary, the psychological toll it took on her and the family was hardly worthwhile. Along with Noras flaws, her husband was also at fault. He couldnt accept what Nora had done, and wouldnt have been able to deal with the extreme changes which she had undergone. His pride wouldnt let him accept that he needed a woman to help him; that he couldnt handle everything alone without the help of another person (This ÂÅ'stoic male ideal has lead to the downfall of many men). His self-confidence would not have been strong enough to take that kind of blow to his ego. If she had forced her husband into handling the situation, by having him borrow money himself, everything would have turned out fine. She, instead, took out the loan on her own, and didnt even clue in her husband. She tried to avoid having his pride injured by forcing him to borrow money, even though it was necessary to save his life. From this experience she grew. She learned about human nature, and about the value of money, and had even learned a lesson of practicality. Instead of clueing in her husband about what she had done, (the final step in the maturation process she had undergone -- being able to accept blame) she

Defining Multilingualism Free Essays

How do schools define multilingualism in their public presentations of work? Emily Marshall In our readings, there are many different terms used to describe English Language Learners. Understanding the terms and labels will help us better understand how school districts word choice might reflect on how they deal with a particular population. Terms Associated With ELLS Reading through Gibbons, think most people would agree that he uses the term â€Å"EL Learners which is English Language Learners. We will write a custom essay sample on Defining Multilingualism or any similar topic only for you Order Now In our community, his would mean anyone who is actively learning the English language. While Gibbons only mentions one term, Offline mentions many. In the introduction, Offline describes the different names that happen to come up when describing English Language Learners. Some of the terms mentioned are ELLS, Lips, bilinguals, culturally and linguistically diverse, children with English language communication barriers, English as a second language, language minority, emergent bilinguals, English proficient, and LOT E. As was reading, I was amazed at how many terms there actually are ND that’s probably not even half of them. ELLS being already described, LEAP means Limited English Proficient and basically means students who have an insufficient level of English to meet the state’s English requirements. The term basically implies that nonnative English speakers are deficient. Bilingual means that the person has the ability to communicate successfully in two languages, much like some of our college professors. Culturally and linguistically diverse as well as language minority can also include those who re already bilingual and in our community that would mean someone who speaks a language other than English since English is the majority language. Whenever I think of children with English language communication barriers, think more along the lines of 2nd generation children who are children born on American soil of immigrants. It also makes me think of the children of workers who move frequently from one school to another as their parents search for jobs. English as a second language is a subject and not people although sometimes it is used to describe those students whose first language is not English. LOTT means language other than English which is commonly used to describe what languages students speak at home or in their community. As think of what some of these labels might mean for our community, I have come to the conclusion that most of the people in this community would probably not even know what half of the labels are and thus be confused and unsure of what to make of the meaning. How do schools define multilingualism? How to cite Defining Multilingualism, Papers

Title of Paper Technology and Education from a M Essay Example For Students

Title of Paper : Technology and Education from a M Essay anagers Point of View Grade Received on Report : 90 The best method for improving educational standards and thus improving communication skills in every aspect of life, whether in the workplace, school, or at home is to utilize every tool available, including state-of-the-art technology. Computers and the Internet have expanded the way in which education can be delivered to the students of today. Todays networking technologies provide a valuable opportunity to the practice of learning techniques. Educators are discovering that computers and multi-based educational tools are facilitating learning and enhancing social interaction. Computer based telecommunications can offer enormous instructional opportunities, but educators will need to adapt current lesson plans to incorporate this new medium into all the classrooms. The only problem is that some of todays schools are hindered by an under-powered technology based curriculum and, in order to stay competitive, the American educational system must do a better job of integrating. Computers have made a fundamental change in most industries, providing a competitive advantage that has come to be essential to stay in business. Therefore, education must also use technology to improve the educational process instead of simply applying it to existing structures. School systems often consider acquiring an enterprise computer network, but justify its purchase by applying it to routine administrative tasks, or take period by period attendance. Although these tasks are important, they only represent a small part of what technology can do for an educational institution. Technology must go beyond just keeping attendance, it must focus on keeping students interested and productive. Curriculum improvement is the best strategy to prevent dropouts; technology is especially useful in this regard (Kinnaman 78). Technology can provide a unique and compelling curriculum resource that challenges every student. The Clinton administration has taken steps towards improving educational standards via its Goals 2000: Educate America Act of 1994 (Thornburg 23). However, several interpretations of the Act never mention the use of technology. Advocates of the Act need to realize that Internet linked computers can provide more current information than what is found in todays exciting textbooks. For example, science textbooks and history textbooks are notoriously out of date. In contrast, the Internet offers students a vast pool of current scientific data. Most of the time the Internet makes learning fun, unlike the plain old fashioned textbook. Computers and other technology can also heighten the learning process by actively engaging students in the task of exploring data. Some students may be tempted to simply download information from the Internet that does not have anything to do with a particular subject that they were asked to research. This shows that the Internet may have a greater impact to education than to learn that information from a typical textbook. Since computers and the Internet have expanded the way with which education can be delivered to students, it is currently possible to engage in distance education on specialized subject and fields through the Internet. Distance education involves audio- video linkage of teachers to many students and even in remote areas. Video conferencing allows groups to communicate with each other. Desktop video conferencing promises to bring students together from geographic and cultural distances face to face via computer. Students in Cleveland Ohio will be able to learn about a Japanese culture, not only through books, but also from Japanese students. Not only will the teacher talk to the students but the students will be able to interact with each other through group discussions. This will make the students more interested and fascinated with learning about another culture. .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e , .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e .postImageUrl , .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e , .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e:hover , .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e:visited , .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e:active { border:0!important; } .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e:active , .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5001e3828860f264f5a0f992345a5f6e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Roman (2926 words) EssayMicrosoft has created new programs designed for educational purposes, Some of these are Encarta World Atlas and Encarta Encyclopedia. These two particular programs make learning easier and more enjoyable, all because of the use of the CD- ROM device (Keen 100). Instead of looking for a particular country and simply finding out where it is in a regular atlas, students can type in the name of that country, and not only will they find out where it is faster, but they will obtain more information about that particular country. Instead of having volumes and volumes of heavy encyclopedias, Microsoft has place all of these massive books .

The Scarlet Letter free essay sample

Sin is the main theme in The Scarlet Letter. All of the characters in the book were somehow affected by the main sin, which was adultery. The three main characters were the most widely affected, and their whole lives were molded by the way they dealt with the sin. The sin surrounds, encloses, and strangles them. There was no escaping from its cruel consequences. Hester Prynnes sin was labeled an adulteress, and the result of this was that she had to wear the scarlet letter A. She feels that her sin has taken away everything she had, and given her one thing in return; that is, her baby. Although she had dignity and pride when she first stepped out of the prison and when she stood upon the scaffold this A alienated and separated her from the community, and she stood alone with her child as she does for the most of her life following this event. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scarlet Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From then on, she had to live away from the community with her baby, Pearl, and was shunned by everyone. The sin she committed made her think that death would be an easy way out and that she deserves little, for she says, I have thought of death, have wished for it, would have even prayed for it, were it fit that such as I should pray for anything (Hawthorne 138). Throughout the next years, the sin Hester committed changes her whole life. Once she was a beautiful woman, Hester now looks Swallowed up by life. Once passionate, she is now serious. She had a quality of womanhood that has now faded away. Her plain gray clothes symbolize her temperament and disposition. There are also good effects that the sin has on her. She becomes more giving and caring, and is endlessly helping the poor and sick and doing neighbors favors. Hester feels that she owes these things to the community, and is also forcing herself into submission for the community. The sin stays with her throughout her life, and even when she leaves her town, she feels obligated to come back and complete her punishment. The sin made her lifestyle worse, but it changed her character for the better. Arthur Dimmesdale, a reverend in the Puritan Church, committed the sin of adultery with Hester. The difference between their cases was that Dimmesdale did not confess until seven years after the crime was done. Although he never received a punishment from the government as Hester did, he punished himself Everyday. He was tortured with guilt in his heart; as a result, carried out fasts, and other physical damage to himself. As a result of not confessing his sin, he despised himself more than anything. The fact that his parishioners love him more than they had after he told a sermon about hypocrites makes him loathe himself so much more. Over the seven years that this story takes place in, Dimmesdale becomes very ill. He becomes pale, nervous and sickly. After a while, it gets to the point where he uses a cane to walk, and people were afraid for his life. The reason for his illness is not any disease, but the effect of sin and guilt on his shoulders. After putting himself through a living hell for seven years; finally, Dimmesdales dying words are his confession. Roger Chillingworth comes to Boston to find his wife, Hester Prynne. When he arrives, she is standing upon a scaffold with a baby in her arms. After finding out what was going on, the first thing he says is It irks me, nevertheless, that the partner of her inquity should not, at least, stand on the scaffold by her side. But he will be known! he will be known! he will be known (Hawthorne 186)! This foreshadows the sin that he commits, which is greater than Hester and Dimmesdales. Chillingworth spends his entire life trying to finding Hesters partner in crime and punishing him. He suspects Dimmesdale and so becomes his doctor and moves in with him. Once he was certain of him; in addition, he keeps him alive to live in agony. The effect of his great sin on his own character is that of a complete transformation to evil. His physical characteristics become twisted and corrupted;as a result, as does his soul and life purpose. His one-track mind leads him to eventual self-deterioration. He is the worst sinner in the book, and once his demonic transformation was complete, there was no turning back. The way sin affects the lives of the characters in the book, and the way they each deal with it is enlightening;however, still unsettling. In a way, we can see why the characters acted the way they did, but its unsettling to see them end up the way they did. If there is one thing to learn from The Scarlet Letter, it is not to give in to sin, and if you already have, own up to it and learn from it. After reading this novel, many may find themselves questioning, whose sin was the worst? Opinions may differ, but one character stands out from the rest. Minister Dimmesdale committed the worst sin, because not only did he commit adultery, he kept his sin hidden from the world, punishing himself; then, preaching the importance of repentance and forgiveness. He adds hypocrisy and deceit to his sin, while his conscience slowly eats away at his soul. In Conclusion, Throughout The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the effects of sin on the mind, body, and soul of Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth are all visible even though there are manifested in different ways for each character. Each of the three are living an enormous burden of sin and each reflects the inner torture inflicted by carrying around such sin in differing ways.

Secondary Mortgage Market and Securitizations Essays - Finance

Secondary Mortgage Market and Securitizations Essays - Finance Secondary Mortgage Market and Securitizations One topic that was brought up a good amount in class was the difference between predatory and subprime lending. They are different because predatory lending is purposely harmful to the borrower while subprime lending is lending to someone with less than good credit. The false representation that this essay will discuss is Goldman Sachs underwriting process during the time of their scandal. Underwriting is a big part in giving loans. This is because the underwriting guidelines are used to discern whether or not a person would be able to pay off a loan. When we specifically look at the case of Goldman Sachs, they more or less took out this whole process of underwriting and tried to play it off as if they hadn't. As found in the Statement of Facts, Goldman Sachs told investors that, "Certain loan originators applied underwriting guidelines that were intended primarily to assess the borrower's ability and, in some cases, willingness to repay the debt and the adequacy of the mortgage property as collateral for the loans". This statement reiterates how underwriting guidelines are used in assessing the borrower's ability to repay and a few other points like collateral if there would be a default. Such procedures regarding the underwriting guideline that Goldman stated that they abided by was the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act (HOEPA), state and federal predatory len ding, origination practices by jurisdiction, historical loan level loss experience and a few others. This specific representation that Goldman Sachs tried to play off can and should be considered predatory lending rather than subprime lending. This is because Goldman Sachs did not follow regulatory underwriting guidelines, and had the sole purpose to sell as many loans as possible to make more money. This will be further explained in the next paragraph. Also in the Statement of Facts is a quote saying that, "The securitization sponsor or originator (which, in many instances, was Goldman) represented that the loans had been originated in compliance with federal, state, and local laws and regulations." Goldman told investors that they had a process for reviewing and approving originators, when in fact they were the "originators" themselves. Again, we can see a trend of how Goldman Sachs implies that they are following regulations, when in fact, they are skipping these regulations to assume the image that their loans are above par so that more people will buy them. Goldman even went as far as to say that the originators were subject to Goldman's "counterparty qualification" process, which consists of many strict guidelines including Goldman having an on-site visit with the originator to review their goals, quality control and other variables. Overall, there were just so many lies about the underwriting process that was expressed to inv estors that could be considered predatory. By making their mortgage loans look as if they are securitized (even when they were subprime), Goldman Sachs was able to sell billions of dollars' worth of these residential-mortgage backed securities (RMBS). Although the loans were subprime, Goldman Sachs is guilty of predatory lending because of their harmful intentions to make money off of their investors. Between the lying of their regulatory procedures to the selling of the un-securitized loans, Goldman Sachs misrepresented a lot of information to their investors, which hopefully, this essay helped bring to light. Sources: https://www.justice.gov/opa/file/839901/download (Statement of Facts)

The Hardwood Killer Tree Diseases

The Hardwood Killer Tree Diseases There are several tree diseases that attack hardwoods trees which can ultimately cause death or devalue a tree in the urban landscape and rural forests, to the point where they need to be cut down. Five of the most malignant diseases have been suggested by foresters and landowners. These diseases are ranked according to their ability to cause aesthetic and commercial damage.   Armillaria Root, the Worst Tree Disease This disease attacks hardwoods and softwoods and kills shrubs, vines, and forbs in every state. It is pervasive in North America, commercially destructive, a major cause of oak decline, and is arguably the worst tree disease. The Armillaria sp. can kill trees that are already weakened by competition, other pests, or climatic factors. The fungi also infect healthy trees, either killing them outright or predisposing them to attacks by other fungi or insects. Oak Wilt Oak wilt, Ceratocystis fagacearum, is a disease that affects oaks (especially red oaks, white oaks, and live oaks). It is one of the most severe tree diseases in the eastern United States, killing thousands of oaks each year in forests and landscapes. The fungus takes advantage of wounded trees, and the wounds promote infection. The fungus can move from tree to tree through roots or by an insect transfer. Once the tree is infected, there is no known cure. Anthracnose, Dangerous Hardwood Diseases Anthracnose diseases of hardwood trees are widespread throughout the Eastern United States. The most common symptom of this group of diseases is dead areas or blotches on the leaves. The diseases are particularly severe on American sycamore, the white oak group, black walnut, and dogwood. The greatest impact of anthracnose is in the urban environment. Reduction of property values results from the decline or death of shade trees. Dutch Elm Disease Dutch elm disease primarily affects American and European species of elm. DED is a major disease problem throughout the range of elm in the United States. The economic loss resulting from the death of high-value urban trees is considered by many to be devastating. Fungus infection results in clogging of vascular tissues, preventing water movement to the crown and causing visual symptoms as the tree wilts and dies. American elm is highly susceptible. American Chestnut Blight The chestnut blight fungus has virtually eliminated the American chestnut as a commercial species from eastern hardwood forests. You only now see the chestnut as a sprout, as the fungus eventually kills every tree within the natural range. There is no effective control for chestnut blight even after decades of massive research. The loss of American Chestnut to this blight is one of forestrys saddest stories.

Reading Responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reading Responses - Essay Example Authors have successfully articulated the difference between the two and how gender has been manipulated to suit the interests of the powerful. ‘Doing Difference’ by West and Fenstermaker is interesting in its concept and proposes that socially constructed differences in gender produce social inequity across society. It shows that race, class and gender are intrinsically linked and together are responsible for social inequity across gender. I do agree that in the absence of race and class, the need for gender differences would have remained non-competitive. The race promotes culturally diverse roles of genders and the class differences prompt gender inequity in order to dominate the other, resulting in subjugation of women across all strata of society. Pascoe’s article ‘‘Dude, You’re a Fag’: Adolescent Masculinity and the Fag Discourse’ is highly relevant within the sociological conceptualization of gender inequity that focuses on the ‘fag’ identity of adolescent boys. The article raises the issue of emergence of sexuality across gender, especially the relationship between homophobia and masculinity that tends to lower the impact of masculinity of boys. The penetrated boys or the ‘faggots’ tend to lose their masculinity and become gay. Thus, the homophobia of losing heterosexual prowess that is strongly embedded within adolescent boys becomes an important epithet for harassment which may cause long term psychological problems for the boys in their adulthood. (words:

United Nations Conventions on Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

United Nations Conventions on Contract - Essay Example In the first case under consideration, SamCo & DeanCo appear to be the parties to the contract, where a deal in respect of buying and selling five dark blue bonnets was to be executed. Similarly, the second case looks for giving legal advice to the above-described Swedish company SamCo in respect of its deal with the Brazilian reseller company CastielCo. However, before embarking upon the topic under consideration, and providing them with a piece of advice in the light of the Vienna Convention on and International Sale of Goods Contracts, it would be advisable to elucidate the terms that create responsibilities and liabilities to the parties to the contract, in order to explore whether or not any contract has been entered into between the parties, could bind them to execute some specific performance, which is as following: The 1980 Vienna Convention1 provides the parties to the contract with a complete and wide-ranging procedure while entering into a legal relationship between one an other during foreign trades and business ventures. The main objective behind the Vienna Convention includes the protection of the rights and privileges of the individuals on the one hand and enforcement of the promises and agreements the individuals and parties have entered into2 at the international scale on the other. ... nce, deceit and misrepresentation.3 In addition, 1980 Vienna Convention also protects the rights of the people who have either not entered into any contract with the persons and organisations outside their countries, but are falsely claimed to be having entered into the same. Consequently, 1980 Vienna Convention also endorses the statutes of Contract Law, which have defined and determined some conditions, fulfilment of which is vehemently necessary for a valid contract. â€Å"An agreement†, according to section 2 (h) of the English Contract, â€Å"creating obligations to the parties, and enforceable at law is a contract†4 Young (2010) has defined contract in these words: â€Å"A contract is an agreement (usually between two persons) giving rise to obligations on the part of both persons which are enforced or recognised by law†.5 Consequently, social contracts do not create legal enforcement due to the very fact that there is no intention of any legal remedies aga inst non-fulfilment of the same. The same is also applied to the international contracts, all of which aim to create legal responsibilities on the parties to the contract. Vienna Convention, according to its statutes, applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States.6 In order to comprehend with the elements of an international contract, it is essential to explore the basics of an agreement. According to English Contract Law, â€Å"Every agreement is a contract if it is made by the free consent of the parties, competent to contract for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and not hereby expressly declared to be void.†7 In other words, a valid contract maintains the following elements in it; accomplishment of all of them is essential for making it an

Organizational behavior Essay Example for Free

Organizational behavior Essay Modern management is today gradually approaching to psychology and extrapolating psychological principles onto the framework of organizational dynamics. The paper is designed to define and discuss attitude and psychological contract between manager and subordinate. As Boddy states, attitude is a â€Å"position as indicating action, feeling, or mood† (Boddy, 2002, p. 235). Attitude are always influenced by one’s emotional evaluation of the certain object, event or person, thus it can be positive, negative or neutral. Organizational psychologists distinguish three constituents of attitude: affective response, or â€Å"a physiological response that expresses an individual’s preference for an entity† (Greenberg and Barling, 1999, p. 898) ; behavioral component includes â€Å" a verbal intention of an individual† (ibid); cognitive aspect contains one’s reflections upon the certain characteristics of the target( (Belbin, 1996). Attitude formation is a complex process, which includes both experience and the cognitive evaluation of the past events, as one can assume, attitudes within organization are shaped through the engagement into organizational dynamics. Psychological contract, as Coglister and Schriesheim (2000) hold, is an entity, consisting of the beliefs, perceptions and responsibilities shared among the manager and their subordinates. Shared knowledge (Belbin, 1996) is an important aspect of the contract, since it to great extent enhances and activates the other components: for instance, the knowledge about the nature of the job, which is common for both manager and employee, is a powerful basis for the division of obligations. Furthermore, cognitively processed (‘digested’) knowledge is a main prerequisite of the employee’s conscientiousness, since it allows projecting and drawing the logical relation between certain actions and their effects, or even outcomes – long-lasting influential results. Shared knowledge therefore provides solidarity between the executive and the employee and supports their integration into the team (Boddy, 2002).

Pesticide Essay -- Environment, Contamination

It is known that amphibian populations are declining at alarming rates worldwide. Their population decline has been linked to various factors such as UV radiation, emerging diseases and pesticide exposure. Pesticide exposure however, is of particular importance due to their high potential for toxicity and widespread environmental contamination. They are commonly introduced into local water systems through runoff from agricultural fields. According to the National Water Quality Inventory, agricultural runoff is the leading cause of water pollution in rivers and lakes in the United States. Because many species of amphibians have habitats that coincide with agricultural areas, there is a heightened probability for contamination of their habitat through runoff. While pesticides increase agricultural profits, they also lead to high amphibian mortality and should have improved regulations. All amphibians have high skin permeability, which is a key factor in connecting pesticides to their decline. This physiological feature can be linked to the ways in which gas exchanges occur within their circulatory system. Oxygen molecules first diffuse onto the moist surface of the integument. The oxygen molecules are then picked up by red blood cells within capillaries, which run close to the skins surface. The oxygen-saturated blood is then circulated throughout the body before being expelled similarly to how it was absorbed. Because of this high skin permeability, it is also much easier for toxins, such as pesticides, to enter and accumulate within the amphibian’s body (Association of Zoos and Aquariums). Once pesticides have been integrated into the amphibian, they may lead to malformation, decreased fitness even death depending on the kind... ...sticides, it is not, to require better regulations and enforcement. It however does not go without saying that pesticides do generate better agricultural products for our consumption and power the economy. But, populations of amphibians continue to dwindle and nothing has changed in the EPAs regulation of pesticides, including those mentioned. The world is quickly loosing vast amounts of biodiversity in the name of secular bureaucratic processes. The perspective of ecologists and biologists continue to be ignored even in the wake of possible extinctions. If new rules are not put into effect and done so soon, there will undoubtedly be great consequences not seen since the days of the passenger pigeon. Once the world looses a species, no form of legislation can bring them back, which is why passing new regulations now is imperative for the present and future.

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Essay

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Essay Prompt 2: Many of the characters in One Day in the Life represent specific human qualities and the suitability or value of those qualities for the life in the camps. What characters does Shukov view positively and why? Who are the flawed characters and what are their failings? What about their life before the camps hurts or helps their chances of survival once inside? In assessing these people, what does Shukov reveal about his own values?In Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s novel, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, the main character Ivan Denisovich Shukov is an inmate serving his eighth year in a Russian labor camp. Shukov had been sentenced to ten years and three days (the three days are make-up days to compensate for leap years) for supposedly being a Nazi spy (182). In reality, he had been imprisoned by the Germans and somehow managed to escape. In the eyes of the Soviets, those who did escape were considered Nazi spies; thus, Shuk ov was forced to admit that he was a spy in order to live (70).Solzhenitsyn further describes Shukov’s traits as well as the characteristics of the people he comes in contact with on a daily basis in this novel. Ivan Denisovich Shukov is part of a work gang, who is referred to as Gang 104. In this work gang, Shukov associates with many men—including those whom he views positively as well as some whom he views negatively. Alyoshka the Baptist, Senka Klevshin, Andrei Prokofyevich Tyurin, Pavlo, Jan Kildigs, Tsezar Markovich, Gopchik and Captain Buynovsky are all whom Shukov views positively and are either part of Gang 104 or are somehow associated with the work gang.Although there are many of whom Shukov views positively, there is also one in particular whom he views negatively, Fetyukov. These men all have specific human qualities that may help or harm them in their chances of survival in the labor camps. Alyoshka the Baptist and Senka Klevshin are two of whom Shukov vi ews positively, but in different ways. They are both quiet men who have been sentenced for 25 years in the labor camps, but for different reasons. Alyoshka was sentenced just for being a Baptist and Klevshin was sentenced because he had been with the Americans for a mere two days (45,126).Shukov views Alyoshka in a positive manner because he is an extremely optimistic and generous person despite his surroundings. He does favors for everyone and does whatever asked of him without complaint (109). Alyoshka sees prison as a good thing since he claims that he has time to focus on and think about his soul. These positive thoughts will help Alyoshka’s chances in prison because he will be extremely resilient to any harsh conditions. Klevshin is also favored by Shukov because of the loyalty he shows to his fellow workmates.His loyalty to Shukov was notable especially when he purposely ran slowly in order for Shukov to catch up to him leaving the Power Station work site (114). Shukov knew that Klevshin would rather be in trouble along with Shukov instead of letting him get punished on his own (114). This kind of loyalty will help Klevshin in camp life because he will gain a considerable amount of respect from other workmates. Andrei Prokofyevich Tyurin and Pavlo are two foremen of Gang 104—both whom Shukov views positively and respects.The foremen are both strict and caring people whom have gained much respect from the inmates they watch over. Tyurin is described as a fierce and smart leader who saw that the men were well fed and had good rations (46). These foremen’s traits keep the men in Gang 104 better off than the rest and inspire them to work harder for their gang. Two others whom Shukov respect are Jan Kildigs and Tsezar Markovich. These men are both rich and receive bimonthly parcels.Jan Kildigs is a Latvian bricklayer who is loved for his sense of humor (56). Shukov respected Kildigs because he worked with pride—he did not like to r ush his work and enjoyed taking his time to do things right (109). Tsezar was highly regarded by Shukov because of his character—he was respectful and trustworthy (48). The two men have a high chance of survival in the labor camps because they gave all the right people a handout and bribery worked wonders in the camp (48). Gopchik and Captain Buynovsky were also favored by Shukov.Gopchik was only about sixteen years old and was jailed for bringing milk to Ukrainian guerillas (63). He was very crafty and Shukov felt that he had potential to be a good camp dweller (149). Gopchik was smart and Shukov thought highly of him, even saying that he has potential to have a good job in the camp, such as a bread cutter (150). Gopchik’s craftiness would give him a high chance of survival as compared to others. One of the â€Å"others† would be Captain Buynovsky, who seems to be in a state of denial.He is a proud man who as an ex-Captain who according to Shukov, had no idea h ow to look after himself. However, he is diligent and works hard—which Shukov admires him for. Fetyukov, on the other hand, is a scavenger whom Shukov views negatively. Fetyukov was a leech and beggar who did everything in his power for extra food and cigarette butts (31). Many, including Shukov, pitied him at times but also despised his actions. Fetyukov was lazy and made work easier for himself by cheating.For example, while carrying mortar, he would purposely splash some out of his handbarrow so that it would be lighter to carry (101). Fetyukov further degraded himself by begged for food which at times backfired. He was greedy and scrounged for extra bread or other types of food and was even beaten by the Guards for licking bowls in the mess hall (163). In Shukov’s eyes, people like Fetyukov would only survive by relying on others’ pity and generosity towards him. Shukov also found ways to benefit himself, but he did so with dignity and pride, unlike Fetyukov .Instead of begging for tobacco or food, Shukov would work for his share or discretely hint that he wanted something regardless of how much he actually wanted it. For example, when it came to tobacco, Shukov would merely just stand next to someone smoking, and without saying anything, the smoker would ask if he wanted the butt of his cigarette (26). Shukov also worked for his tobacco by making slippers from rags or patching jerkins (156). He also haggled his way into getting a larger share of tobacco from those selling it (158).Shukov not only worked for his tobacco, but also for his food. He would volunteer to wait in line for people in hope that they will give him their share of food, in which most of the time, they did (142). Ivan Denisovich Shukov was a proud man who was competitive and meticulous in his work ethics. The best example of his pride and competitiveness would be when he says that â€Å"he’d feel pretty sore if others in the village got ahead of him (44). â⠂¬  Shukov was a skilled carpenter who was proud of his work and enjoyed doing things correctly.He would correct others when they were doing something wrong, such as cutting tarred paper incorrectly (64). He also showed how meticulous he was by straightening others’ work and by carefully selecting his own cinder blocks to fit into spaces perfectly (110). Shukov worked quickly, was a very hard worker and stayed behind to finish his and others’ jobs because he felt that he could not let anyone’s work go to waste (113). Ivan Denisovich Shukov acquainted himself with many people who helped him discover himself and his limits when it came to survival.He did not want to degrade himself by begging like Fetyukov had done but he instead found a way to benefit himself by not even asking directly. He discovered that regardless of his tough situations, he still found himself quite optimistic and proud of his work. Those whom he views positively and respected became a type of role model for him and he learned from them. He also learned from those whom he thought of negatively in such a way that he would never stoop down to their level. He was a proud person and kept his pride throughout his time at the labor camp.

Discuss one or more theories of Moral Understanding and evaluate its conclusions Essay

The term morality, according to Shaffer (1993) means â€Å"a set of principles or ideals that help the individual to distinguish right from wrong and to act on this distinction. Morality is important to society, as it would not function effectively unless there is some agreement of what is right and wrong. There are many underlying processes and environmental factors, which limit or promote social, cognitive and moral development in children. In modern society, television could be considered to be one of the major influences on a child’s moral development. There are three approaches to moral development; the cognitive approach, the psychodynamic approach and the social learning theory. The Cognitive-Developmental approach of Piaget and Kohlberg studies how children become more able to reason morally and make moral judgements, whereas the Freud’s psychodynamic approach is more concerned with the development of the conscience and moral feelings such as guilt and anxiety. The social learning theory of Bandura and Mischel investigates the development of moral behaviour and how role models in the family, society and the media, influence it. The theory I am going to discuss is Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Approach. His theory of moral development is concerned with how the child’s moral knowledge and understanding change with age. Piaget saw morality as any system of rules, which governs interaction between people. The methods of investigation he used to develop his theories were, he looked at the way children imposed rules in their games. He used games to study the development of children’s moral development as he thought that by studying rules in the context of a game, he could study the child’s spontaneous though directly. He also, assessed changes in the child’s moral judgements by telling hypothetical stories about children who lied, stole or broke something. When using hypothetical stories, Piaget was generally more interested in the reasons why the children give the answers they did and not particularly the answers. Piaget identifies stages of moral development just as he identified stages with cognitive development. His theories of the way children think and their moral reasoning goes through a series of stages, as they are adapting to the world, these are also known as the processes of accommodation and assimilation. He believed that as children’s reasoning about the world changes when they grow older and gain more experience, so does their reasoning about morality. Their ability to think about the world in more complex ways is what causes them to move on from one stage to the next. This is known as cognitive development. Piaget stated that infants don’t understand much about morality until they are about three or four years of age. Their development divides into two main stages after infancy. His stages of moral development are: Pre Moral Stage (up to three or four years) Children don’t understand about rules, and so they don’t make moral judgements Stage of Heteronomous Morality (aged three – six years) Children at this stage think rules are absolute and unchangeable, and the goodness and badness of an action is judged largely on the basis of its consequences rather than by taking intent into account. Stage of Autonomous Morality (from around six or seven) Children at this stage now see rules as more changeable and intentions are taken into account. Children also start to believe that it is possible to break rules and get away with it, whereas earlier they tended to think they will always be found out and possibly punished. Researchers from Europe and America have tested some of Piaget’s theories and have concluded that distinct stages of development do seem to exist however, other research found that children do not see all rules as being equally important as Piaget thought they did. Heteronomous Morality, also known as moral realism, means when the child is subject to another’s laws or rules. Children think that rules must be obeyed no matter what the circumstances. A child at this stage will think that rules are only made by authority figures, such as, parents and teachers. Two other features that are displayed in moral reasoning at this stage are, first they expect bad behaviour to be punished in some way, they believe that the punishment should be expiatory – the wrongdoer must make amends for the crime by paying with some kind of suffering. They have the view that the amount of punishment should match the badness of the behaviour. Secondly, if the bad behaviour goes undetected then the child believes in immanent justice – where any misfortune occurring after the bad behaviour can be seen as a punishment. For example, if a child tells a lie and gets away with it, then later trips and falls, the younger child could consider this as a punishment. In general, they believe punishment should be fair and that wrongdoing will always be punished in some way. Autonomous Morality, which means when the child is subject to one’s own laws and rules. It involves moral relativism whereby the child comes to realise that rules evolve from social relationships. Due to the child ‘decentring’ and their developed ability to think more flexibly about moral issues, they have began to realise it is important to take other people’s opinions into account. At this stage a child will have developed the understanding that sometimes rules of morality can be broken in certain reasonable circumstances. They believe in reciprocal punishment, whereby the punishment should fit the crime. For example, if a child takes another child’s sweets, the first child should be deprived of their sweets or should make it up to the victim in some other way. This is known as the principle of reciprocity. Children will also have learnt at this stage that wrongdoers often avoid punishment, diminishing any belief in immanent justice. They see punishment as a method of making the offender understand the nature of the crime and that punishment is also a deterrent. The move from heteronomous morality to autonomous morality is influenced by two factors. Children around the age of seven begin to move on from the pre operational stage of an illogical and an egocentric way of thinking to more logical and flexible way of thinking, in the operational stage. Their growing awareness that other people have different views allows them to develop more mature moral reasoning. However, moral development lags at least one to two years behind cognitive development because the whole process depends on the cognitive changes occurring first. Kohlberg expanded Piaget’s theory to form a theory that also explained the development of moral reasoning. While Piaget described a two-stage process of moral development, Kohlberg’s theory outlined six stages within three different levels. Kohlberg extended Piaget’s theory, proposing that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan. A study by Colby et al (1983) criticised Piaget’s assumption that children of ten and eleven years old had reached an adult level of moral reasoning. Piaget was always focusing on what an average child was capable of achieving so he neglected the idea of great variations between the individual child’s ways of thinking. In general, Piaget’s cognitive theory has been criticised for the methods of investigation not being as precise as they could have been. Methods he used were seen as complicated, leading critics to think he under estimated younger children’s capabilities of what they could and could not do. This was because later research went on to conclude that children could actually take other motives into consideration, when they understood what motives were involved. Despite criticism, Piaget’s work is still regarded as a revolutionary step forward in the way we understand how children think. It has led to a much more realistic ways of understanding children’s moral development. Many attempts to test Piaget’s theories from researchers around the world have resulted in acceptance that some of his views and methods do appear to exist.

Organizational Behavior Structure, Development and Change

Organizational Behavior Structure, Development and Change Abstract Being an interdisciplinary area under discussion, organizational behavior includes sociology, management, psychology, and other disciplines. A number of the features of organizational behavior explained in this research paper consist of organizational structure, organizational development, and organizational change.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Behavior: Structure, Development and Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study of organizational behavior tests the control that structures, change, and development possess with regard to performance within a business or organization. In a bid to enhance maintained existence, development, and success of businesses in the contemporary aggressive and varying business settings, organizational change has become an obligation. Nevertheless, workers are slow in embracing change since they usually see it as invasive and disruptive element o f the practices and social affiliations previously relied upon to realize essential undertakings. Managing change successfully in an organization is a very difficult undertaking due to employees’ resistance to the change endeavors. Some of the methods that managers can employ in successfully bringing about change in an organization include building resources and communicating facts to employees with the intention of winning their support and loyalty. Introduction The study of organizational behavior examines the influence that structures, change, development, persons, and groups give on performance within a business or organization. Being an interdisciplinary subject, organizational behavior comprises sociology, management, psychology, and other disciplines. Organizational behavior harmonizes the scholarly learning of managerial theory (concentrating on organizational as well as intra-organizational subjects) in addition to studies on human resource (more functional and busin ess-centered). Some of the aspects of organizational behavior discussed in this research paper include organizational structure, organizational development, and organizational change (Hitt, Miller, Colella, 2010, pp. 125-146).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizational change signifies the progress of an organization to move out of its current situation and head towards a preferred future situation to boost its competence and success. This research paper discusses organizational behavior before focusing on resistance to change and the way to manage change successfully in an organization. Problem definition For continued existence, development, and success of businesses and organizations in the current competitive and varying business setting, organizational change has become a requirement. Business setting includes different constituents like clients, creditors, suppliers, rivals, governments, investors, and societies. Because these constituents are dynamic, businesses have to change to keep pace with their settings. Managing change in an organization could be among the most difficult undertakings due to employees’ resistance towards change implementation (Kumar, 2012, pp. 11-15). Managing change in an organizational is the practice of designing and executing the change wisely with an aim of minimizing resistance of workers in addition to outlaying business, while as well maximizing the efficiency of change attempt. It is a difficult undertaking for managers due to the resistance to changing the status quo. The resistance might take place at any level of the hierarchy in an organizational. The employees at higher ranks oppose change attempts due to the fear that the process might be a risk to their supremacy, interests, and management of resources. For employees at lower ranks, resistance arises since change brings doubt, which generates insecurity. As a result of resistance, in numerous instances, which are approximated to be as several as 50 per cent of the entire change attempts, organizational change does not deliver anticipated results or meet planned objectives. Organizational Structure A structure in organizations involves actions like duty distribution, harmonization, and management that are concentrated towards the attainment of organizational goals. Organizational structure could as well be viewed as the mirror or viewpoint via which employees observe their organization in addition to its setting. Organizations represent a modification of grouped entities, which could take up different structures in diverse manners depending on their aims (Thompson, 2008, pp. 58-60). Organizational structure decides the approaches in which a firm functions and carries out its endeavors. Organizational structure facilitates in assigning different duties to the different sections of an institution.Advertisin g We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Behavior: Structure, Development and Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The structure of an organizational influences the organizational feat in a couple of critical ways. First, it offers the basis where standard working practices and schedules lie. Secondly, it decides which employees take part judgment making practices, and thus to what degree their opinions form the achievements of the institution. Organization Development Organization Development (OD) signifies the orderly use of behavioral discipline at different stages like groups, businesses, and organizations to lead to the desired change. The aim of OD is a superior excellence of work-life, yield, flexibility, and success. It achieves these objectives by altering approaches, conducts, values, policies, practices, and structures for the organization to become accustomed to competitive accomplishments, tech nology advances, and the quick rate of change in the surroundings. OD is the practice of bettering organizations. In a bid to benefit the business, workers, and investors, the practice is circumspectly designed and executed. The customer organization might be a public agency, corporation, non-profit organization, aid group, or a smaller fraction of a bigger organization. The change course maintains development of the business or organization all together. Customers and specialists work jointly to collect statistics, define subjects, and settle on an appropriate line of operation (Thompson, 2008, pp. 61-65). Organizations are evaluated to generate a comprehension of the present state and discover chances for change, which will rally business goals. The difference between OD and traditional consulting lies in the fact that in OD, client participation is supported all through the entire course. The manners in which individuals converse and work jointly are addressed alongside the techn ological matters that require resolution. Importance of organizational development Excellence of work life, productivity, efficiency, and confidence are elements of interest to the majority of organizations since they influence attainment of organization objectives. There is a rising tendency to make the most of the investment of an organization in its workers. Jobs that formerly necessitated physical sleight now necessitate additional psychological effort. All organizations desire to act smarter and make use of creative plans. The labor force has as well changed. Workers anticipate more from the work of a single day than only a days salary. They desire challenge, appreciation, a feeling of achievement, valuable undertakings, and evocative associations with their bosses and colleagues. Failure to satisfy these requirements results to decline in performance (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2004, pp. 86-99).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The modern customers should constantly improve quality, quick delivery of product or service, quick spin instance on changes, reduced prices and additional aspects that are best accomplished in complex settings by inventive organizational processes. The successful organization should deal with the challenges of each day. Therefore, flexibility, responsiveness, and OD in general are vital for any organization to survive and prosper. Organizational Change Organizational change denotes alterations of the present work habits and policies that influence an entire organization and has become a key center of attention in literatures on change management. Whether the consequence of unification, or merely the requirements of an aggressive marketplace, considerable organizational change is a difficult strategy to execute. Organizational change keeps occurring at a great rate in contemporary organizations. A recent study of international companies accounted that organizational managers hold th at just a third of organizational change plans succeed. Even if there are certainly a range of contributing justifications for the high proportion of failure that happens in organizational change endeavors, management studies have progressively come to a conclusion that workers play a key function in the achievement or failure of organizational change (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2004, pp. 86-99). Prior experimental researches have verified the declaration that the responses of workers to change perform a critical function in its achievement. In this regard, the dedication of employees to change has obtained growing consideration as a significant contributor to change associated organizational results. Resistance to change Workers are frequently hesitant to assent to organizational change since they characteristically see it as invasive and disruptive aspect to the habits and social affiliations previously relied upon to carry out essential work undertakings. Employees might as wel l experience raised workloads ensuing from the handling of new work assignments in addition to existing ones, the necessity to change to new work associations, and very frequently, the institution of fresh strategic objectives. Prior studies substantiate the reality that participation in designed change in an organization is a lengthy, psychologically forceful, demanding, and fatiguing practice for the majority of employees (Miner, 2002, pp. 23-26). The constancy of such results has made a number of scholars to suggest that the severe negative sentiments experienced by most workers during the execution of change in an organization make them become reluctant to change and unwilling to enact encouraging conducts towards achieving objectives set by the leaders of different organizations. The view of change is terrifying to the majority of employees, whether logically or otherwise. The resultant terror of change frequently generates resistance in organizations during the anticipation or pronouncement of change. If executives do not sufficiently foresee or prepare for the reactions from their juniors to a planned change, the change might be far more unsettling than is necessary (Miner, 2002, pp. 27-36). Nevertheless, the agents of change have the chance to groom the employees in the organization for the intended change, and hence minimize possible organizational distraction and manage the condition as a chance for competitive restructuring and development. Managing change Build resources One technique of boosting and maintaining dedication of workers to change is by building up their personal resources before the commencement of the process of change. An example of building resources is coming up with coalitions to serve as a policy that frequently occurs all through the entire phase of executing the change (Jaros, 2010, pp. 79-81). Support is collected from every corner that will be involved in the change process and from various levels within the organization. A reward plan that strengthens the desired conduct is as well vital for a successful program of change. The build up resources can help in reducing the tensions and pressures often related to organizational change. The resources could also drive the dedication of employees to change. Such resources might not just have a constructive influence on worker mindsets and conducts, but might as well generate encouraging organizational results through these mindsets and conducts (Jaros, 2010, pp. 81-84). Therefore, it appears quite significant that managers study the function that individual workers play in determining their dedication to, and participation in, the process of change. Communication Workers often see the process of change as unsettling. A triumphant change plan necessitates that workers comprehend why the necessity for change is essential so that they accept the change plan. With lack of understanding, employees think concerning how change will profit or perhaps harm them. By g iving exact information to each employee simultaneously, chances for rumors that cause resistance are eradicated. Failure to communicate facts to employees before execution of change is the worst blunder an organization could make (Jaros, 2010, pp. 85-98). Communication helps in reducing anxiety and worry. In the case of organizational restructuring, it is vital to explain new roles with the intention of raising concerns in a neutral way and evade disorder when change is in progress. Finally, change has to be carefully managed to produce sustained outcomes. Conclusion The study of organizational behavior checks the control that structures, change, development, persons, and groups bestow on performance within a business. For maintained existence, development, and success of businesses and organizations in the contemporary competitive and varying business setting, organizational change has become a requirement. Workers are frequently hesitant to embrace organizational change since the y normally see it as invasive and disruptive of the habits and social affiliations previously relied upon to carry out essential undertakings. Managing change in an organization could be a very difficult undertaking due to employee resistance to the change attempt. Some of the ways that managers can use to bring about change in an organization include building resources and communication in a bid to win the support of the employees. Nevertheless, Jaros (2010) insists that change has to be well managed for employees to embrace it willingly. References Hitt, A., Miller, C., Colella, A. (2010). Organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Jaros, S. (2010). Commitment to organizational change: A critical review. Journal of  Change Management, 10(1), 79–108. Kumar, S. (2012). Challenges of Managing an Organizational Change. Advances in  Management, 5(4), 11-15. Miner, J.B. (2002). Organizational behavior: Foundations, theories, and analyses. New York, NY : Oxford University Press. Schermerhorn, R., Hunt, G., Osborn, N. (2004). Core concepts of Organizational  Behavior. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Thompson, L. (2008). Organizational behavior today. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Alexander the Great, Greek Military Leader

Alexander the Great, Greek Military Leader Alexander the Great was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia and one of his wives, Olympias, a daughter of the non-Macedonian King Neoptolemus I of Epirus. At least, thats the conventional story. As a great hero, there are other more miraculous versions of the conception. Name:  Alexander III of MacedonDates:  c. 20 July 356 B.C. - 10 June 323.Place of Birth and Death:  Pella and BabylonDates of Rule:  336-323Parents:  Philip II of Macedonia and OlympiasOccupation:  Ruler and military leader Alexander was born around July 20, 356 B.C. Being non-Macedonian made Olympias status lower than the Macedonian woman Philip later married. As a result, there was much conflict between Alexanders parents. As a Youth Alexander was tutored by Leonidas (possibly his uncle) and the great Greek philosopher Aristotle. During his youth, Alexander showed great observational powers when he tamed the wild horse Bucephalus. In 326, when his beloved horse died, he renamed a city in India/Pakistan, on the banks of the Hydaspes (Jhelum) river, for Bucephalus. Our image of Alexander is youthful because that is how his official portraits depict  him. See Photos of Alexander the Great in Art. As Regent In 340 B.C., while his father Philip went off to fight rebels, Alexander was made regent in Macedonia. During his regency, the Maedi of northern Macedonia revolted. Alexander put down the revolt and renamed their city after himself.  In 336 after his father was assassinated, he became ruler of Macedonia. The Gordian Knot One legend about Alexander the Great is that when he was in Gordium, Turkey, in 333, he undid the Gordian Knot. This knot had been tied by the legendary, fabulously wealthy King Midas. The prophecy about the Gordian knot was that the person who untied it would rule all of Asia. Alexander the Great is said to have undone the Gordian Knot not by unraveling it, but by slashing through it with a sword. Major Battles Battle of the Granicus - 334 B.C. (western Turkey) against Persian satraps with Greek mercenaries.Battle of Issus - 333 B.C. (Hatay province of Turkey) against King Darius of Persia.Battle of Gaugamela - 331 B.C. (northern Iraq) against King Darius of Persia.Battle of the Hydaspes (Jhelum) - 326 B.C. (northern Punjab, in modern Pakistan) against King Poros, who ruled a small kingdom, but had war elephants. Near the end of Alexanders expansion. (Although Alexander had intended to go further, and was soon thwarted by his own men, he thought he was near the edge of the earth.) Death In 323, Alexander the Great returned to Babylonia where he became ill suddenly and died. The cause of his death is unknown. It could have been disease or poison. It might have had to do with a wound inflicted in India. Alexanders successors were the Diadochi Wives Alexander the Greats wives were, first, Roxane (327), and then, Statiera/Barsine, and Parysatis. When, in 324, he married Stateira, daughter of Darius, and Parysatis, daughter of Artaxerxes III, he did not repudiate the Sogdian princess Roxane. The wedding ceremony took place in Susa and at the same time, Alexanders friend Hephaestion married Drypetis, Stateiras sister. Alexander provided dowries so that 80 of his companions could also marry noble Iranian women. Reference: Pierre Briants  Alexander the Great and His Empire. Children Herakles, son of Alexanders wife/mistress Barsine [Sources: Alexander the Great and His Empire, by Pierre Briant and Alexander the Great, by Philip Freeman]Alexander IV, son of Roxane Both children were killed before they reached adulthood. Source: www.pothos.org/alexander.asp?paraID71keyword_id12titleChildren Alexander the Great- Children Alexander the Great Quizzes Why Did Alexander Burn Persepolis QuizAlexander the Great Quiz I - The Early YearsAlexander the Great Quiz II - From Empire-Building to Death Other Articles on Alexander the Great What Color Was Alexanders Hair?Was Alexander the Great a Greek?

Visual rhetoric paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Visual rhetoric paper - Essay Example This can be done by direct action - force, threats, bribes, for example - or it can be done by the use of "signs", of which the most important are words in speech or writing" (Kennedy, 3) As we may notice, this definition doesn't exclude the possibility of using other types of signs than those commonly used, the linguistic signs. On the contrary, it implies the fact that rhetoric uses more than a system of signs. Newer approaches on rhetoric, as well as the broader definition of rhetoric as "the totality of connotators" (Barthes, 38) - connotators being the signifiers of connotation that correspond to the general ideology - place the image at the centre of a system of signs. Image is seen as able of conveying meaning and expressing ideas as well as having a persuasive function. Advertising images are the best illustration of the second function. They don't just denote, but they have very much to do with the connotation function. An image showing a mother and a little child sleeping peacefully, and a bottle of milk on the table near the bed, is meant to suggest that the peace of their sleep is a result of their drinking the respective brand of milk that contains everything necessary both to the adult and to the child's health. And it is meant, of course, to persuade us buy the respective brand of milk. ... Art has always been seen as more than a representation of reality. With its images, it's more difficult indeed to identify the message or the meaning, but there is no doubt, a message or a meaning is present. In fact, there is always more than one meaning attached to an image and that makes it almost impossible for us to exhaust the interpretations of a work of art. Richard Wendorf's opinion, quoted in Defining Visual Rhetorics, is that "writers and painters have always been fascinated by the relations that serve to join words and images." (Hill and Helmers, 63) More than being preoccupied with making a connection between the written and the visual work in arts, researchers in the field of visual rhetoric are concerned with showing how the work of art itself carries meaning.In painting, images become the replacement of language. The elements of the image and the way they are placed together in order to make up the painting may be seen as similar to the way in which words are chosen and arranged in a sentence or in a text in order to convey meaning or to determine change in the surrounding environment. Only that the meaning you find in the painting is more varied than in the case when linguistic signs are used. Ernst Gombrich expressed the following: "looking at a picture can take a good deal of time", as it involves "scanning, remembering, antic ipating, correcting and confirming impressions." (Hill and Helmers, 65) So, the viewer's interpretation gives the meaning of the image. Meaning is constructed or it may be said that it is chosen from a wide variety of latent meanings which are only activated through the viewer's acting upon them. And the meaning